RUTHERFORD VASCULAR SURGERY VOL. 1 e VOL. 2
SUMÁRIO
Section 1 - BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLlNICAL PRACTICE
Robert B. Rutheiford, MD
Chapter 1
Essentials of Clinical Evaluation	1
Robert B. Rutheiford. MD
Chapter 2
Selection of Patients for VascoIar Interventions	14
Robert B. Rutheiford. MD, Mark R. Nehler, MD
Chapter 3
Essential Considerations in Evaluating the Results of Treatment	21
Robert B. Rutheiford. MD
Chapter 4
Maintaining a Computerized Vascular Registry	31
Russell H. Samson, MD
Chapter 5
Proper Outcomes Assessment: Patient-Based and Economic Evaluations of
Vascular Interventions	35
John V. White, MD
Chapter 6
Standardized Reporting Practices	41
Rajeev Dayal. MD, K. Craig Kent, MD
Section 2 - BASIC VASCULAR SCIENCE
Anton N. Sidawy, MD
Chapter 7
Embryology of the Vascular System	53
Joseph Giordono. MD
Chapter 8
Basic Considerations of the Arterial Wall in HeaIth and Disease	62
Marc E. Mitchell, MD, Anton N. Sidawy, MD
Chapter 9
VascoIar Physiology: Essential Hemodynamic Principies	75
David S. Sumner, MD, R. Eugene Zierler, MD
Chapter 10
Artery Wall Pathology in Atherosclerosis	123
Christopher K. Zarins, MD, Chengpei Xu, MD, PhD, Seymour Glagov, MD
Chapter 11
Intimal Hyperplasia: Basic Response to Arterial and Vein Graft Injury and
Reconstruction	149
Mark G. Davies, MD, PhD
Chapter 12
MolecoIar Biology and Gene Therapy in Vascular Disease	172
Daphne M. Pierre-Paul, MD, Vivian Gahtan, MD, Michael S. Conte, MD
Section 3 - THE VASCULAR DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY: BASIC TECHNIQUES
Gregory L. Moneta, MD
Chapter 13
The Vascular Laboratory	193
J. Dennis Baker, MD
Chapter 14
Physiologic Assessment of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease	197
R. Eugene Zierler, MD, David S. Sumner, MD
Chapter 15
Physiologic Assessment of the Venous System	223
Robert R. Mendes, MD, William A. MarstoR, MD
Chapter 16
Arterial Duplex Scanning	233
Eva M. Rzucidlo, MD, Robert M. Zwolak, MD, PhD
Chapter 17
Venous Duplex Scanning	254
Mark H. Meissner. MD
Section 4 - VASCULAR IMAGING: BASIC TECHNIQUES AND APPLlCATIONS
Hugh G. Beebe, MD
Chapter 18
PrincipIes of Arteriography	271
Juan Ayerdi, MD, Kim J. Hodgson, MD
Chapter 19
PrincipIes of Venography	299
Michael A. McKusick, MD, Peter Gloviczki, MD
Chapter 20
3D lmage Processing	309
Hugh G. Beebe, MD
Chapter 21
Computed Tomography, CT Angiography, and 3D Reconstruction for the Evaluation
of Vascular Disease	316
Mark R Fillinger, MD, David R. Whittaker, MD
Chapter 22
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Angiography	356
Erik K. Insko, MD, PhD, Jeffrey P. Carpenter. MD
Chapter 23
Intravascular Ultrasound	377
George E. Kopchok, BS, Rodney A. White, MD
Section 5 - ARTERIAL DISEASES: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
R. James Valentine, MD
Chapter 24
Atherosclerosis: Plaque Characteristics, and Concepts of Evolution	391
Ralph G. De Palma, MD
Chapter 25
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)	404
Jeffrey W. Olin, DO
Chapter 26
Takayasu's Disease: Nonspecific Aortoarteritis	419
David A. Rigberg, MD, William J. Quinones-Baldrich, MD
Chapter 27
Arterial Fibrodysplasia	431
James C. Stanley, MD, Thomas W. Wakefield, MD
Chapter 28
Uncommon Arteriopathies	453
Roger F. J. ShepMrd, MB, Thom Rooke, MD
Chapter 29
Arterial Aneurysms: Etiologic Considerations	475
John A. Curci, MD, B. Timothy Baxter, MD, Robert W. Thompson, MD
Section 6 - BLEEDING AND CLOTTING: FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Thomas W. Wakefield, MD
Chapter 30
Normal and Abnormal Coagulation	493
Jawed Fareed, PhD, Debra A. Hoppensteadt, PhD, Omer lqbal, MD, Michelle
Florian-Kujawski, BS, Mahmut Tobu, MD, Rodger L. Bick, MD, PhD, Taqdees Sheikh, MD,
Walter P. Jeske, PhD
Chapter 31
Antithrombotic Therapy	511
Mark H. Meissner. MD
Chapter 32
Thrombolytic Agents and Their Actions	530
Anthony J. Comerota, MD, Teresa L. Carmon, MD
Chapter 33
Perioperative Considerations: Coagulopathy and Hemorrbage	545
Matthew J. Eagleton, MD, Kenneth Ouriel, MD
Chapter 34
Vascular Thrombosis Due to Hypercoagulable States	568
Peter K. Henke, MD, Alvin Schmaier. MD. Thomas W. Wakefield, MD
Section 7 - NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH VASCULAR
DISEASES
RusseU H. Samson, MD
Chapter 35
Overview: Medical Management in a Vascular Surgery Practice	579
Russell H. Samson, MD
Chapter 36
Atherogenesis and the Medical Management of Atherosclerosis	582
William R. Hiatt, MD
Chapter 37
Medical Treatment of Intermittent Claudication	602
Samuel R. Money, MD, W. Charles Sternbergh IlI. MD
Chapter 38
Hyperglycemia, Diabetes, and Syndrome X	607
Jonathan M. Weiswasser, MD, Anton N. Sidawy. MD
Chapter 39
Hypertension and Patients with Vascular Disorders	618
Russell H. Samson, MD
Chapter 40
Vascular Pain	631
Kaj Johansen, MD, PhD
Section 8 - OPEN VASCULAR SURGERY: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
Lohn J. Ricotta, MD
Chapter 41
General Strategies: Choice of Procedure and Technique	641
John J. Ricotta, MD
Chapter 42
Anatomy of Commonly Exposed Arteries	648
R. James Valentine, MD, Gary G. Wind. MD
Chapter 43
Basic Vascular Surgical Techniques	661
Robert B. Rutherford, MD
Chapter 44
Techniques for Thromboembolectomy of Native Arteries and Bypass Grafts	672
Frank 1. Veith, MD, -Evan C. Lipsitz, MD, Nicholas 1. Gargiulo. MD, lacob Cynamon. MD
Chapter 45
Endarterectomy	679
William C. Krupski, MD, Louis M. Messina, MD., Ronald 1. Stoney, MD
Chapter 46
Vascular Conduits: An Overview	688
John J. Ricotta, MD
Chapter 47
The Autogenous Vein	695
Frank B. Pomposelli, Jr., MD, Frank W. LoGerfo, MD
Chapter 48
The Modified Biograft	716
Linda M. Harris. MD
Chapter 49
Prosthetic Grafts	723
Lian Xue, MD, PhD, Howard P. Greisler, MD
Section 9 - ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY: BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
Kenneth Ouriel, MD
Chapter 50
Training in Endovascular Surgery	741
Kenneth Ouriel, MD, Richord M. Green, MD
Chapter 51
Fundamental Techniques in Endovascular Surgery	747
Juan Ayerdi, MD. Kim J. Hodgson, MD
Chapter 52
Basic Techniques of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair	784
Geoffrey H. White, MD, James May, MD
Chapter 53
Intra-arterial Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis	798
Anthony J. Comerota, MD
Chapter 54
Complications of EndovascuIar Procedures	809
Alan B. Lumsden, MD, Eric K, Peden, MD, Ruth L Bush, MD, Peter H. Lin, MD
Section 10 - COMPLlCATIONS OF VASCULAR SURGERV AND ISCHEMIA:
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT
Bruce A. Perler, MD
Chapter 55
Overview	821
Bruce A. Perler, MD
Chapter 56
Cardiac Complications: Screening and Prevention	830
William C. Krupski, MD
Chapter 57
Respiratory Complications in VascuIar Surgery	851
Jayme E. Ladre, MD, Pamela A. Lipsett, MD
Chapter 58
Renal Complieations	863
Kimberley J. Hansen, MD, Jeffrey D. Pearce, MD
Chapter 59
Infection in Prosthetic VascuIar Grafts	875
Dennis R Bandyk, MD, Martin R. Back, MD
Chapter 60
Anastomotic Aneurysms	894
Patrick J. Casey, MD, Glenn M. LaMuraglia, MD .
Chapter 61
Aortoenteric FistuIae	902
Vikram S. Kashyap, MD, Patrick J. O'Hara, MD
Chapter 62
Ischemic Neuropathy	915
J. Jean E. Turley, MD, K. Wayne Johnston, MD
Chapter 63
Lymphatic Complications of Vascular Surgery	922
Peter Glovic'lld, .MD, Robert C. Lowell, MD
Chapter 64
Postoperative Sexual Dysfunction after Aortoiliac Interventions	931
Ralph G. De Palma, MD
Chapter 65
Postoperative Graft Thrombosis: Prevention and Management	938
Daniel Walsh. MD
Section 11 - ACUTE LlMB ISCHEMIA
Kenneth Ouriel, MD
Chapter 66
Acute Limb Ischemia	959
Karthikeshwar Kasirajan, MD, Kenneth Ouriel, MD
Chapter 67
Arterial Thromboembolism	971
Seott R. Fecteau, MD, R. Clement Darling IIl, MD, Sean P. Roddy, MD
Chapter 68
Atheromatous EmboIization	986
Randi Rose, MD, John Bartholomew, MD, Jeffrey W. Olin, DO
Section 12 - VASCULAR TRAUMA
Fred A. Weaver, MD
Chapter 69
Epidemiology and Natural History of Vascular Trauma	1001
Raul Coimbra, MD, PhD, David B. Hoyt, MD
Chapter 70
Carotid and Vertebral Artery Injuries	1006
Jeffrey L Ballard, MD, Theodore H. Ternya, MD
Chapter 71
Thoracic Vascular Trauma	1017
Matthew J. Wall, Jr., MD, Joseph Huh, MD, Kenneth L Mattox, MD
Chapter 72
Abdominal Vascular lnjuries	1028
Demetrios Demetriades, MD, PhD
Chapter 73
Vascular lnjuries of the Extremities	1044
Vincent L Rowe, MD, Albert E. Yellin, MD, Fred A. Weaver, MD
Chapter 74
Compartment Syndromes: Pathophysiology, Recognition, and Management	1058
James C. Watson, MS, MD, Kaj Johansen, MD, PhD
Chapter 75
Causalgia and Post-traumatic Pain Syndromes	1065
Ali F. AbuRahma, MD, Robert B. Rutheiford, MD
Section 13 - MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ISCHEMIA OF THE LOWER
EXTREMITIES
K. Wayne Johnston, MD
Chapter 76
The Chronically Ischemic Leg: An Overview	1077
K. Wayne Johnston, MD
Chapter 77
Natural History and Nonoperative Treatment of Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia	1083
Mark R. Nehler, MD, Heather Wolfoni, MD
Chapter 78
Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia	1095
John V. White, MD
Chapter 79
Direct Reconstruction for Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease	1106
David C. Brewster, MD
Chapter 80
Extra-Anatomit; Bypass	1137
Joseph R. Schneider, MD, PhD
Chapter 81
Infrainguinal Bypass	1154
Joseph L Mills, Sr., MD
Chapter 82
Profundaplasty: Isolated and Adjunctive Applications	1174
Peter G, Kalman, MD
Chapter 83
Secondary Arterial Reconstructions in.the Lower Extremity	1181
Frank J. Veith, MD, Evan C. Lipsitz, MD, Nicholas 1. Gargiulo. MD, Enrico Ascher, MD
Chapter 84
Endovascular Surgery in the Management of Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia	1192
Peter A. Schneider, MD
Chapter 85
Lombar Sympathectomy: Indications and Tecbnique	1223
Ali R AbuRohma, MD, Robert B. Rutherford, MD
Chapter 86
Nonatheromatous Causes of Popliteal Artery Disease	1236
Lewis J. Levien, MBBCh, PhD
Chapter 87
Management of Foot mcers in Diabetes Mellitus	1256
Frank W. LoGerfo, MD, Allen D. Hamdan, MD
Chapter 88
VascuIogenic Erectile Dysfunction	1261
Ralph G. De Palma, MD
Section 14 - NEUROVASCULAR CONDITIONS INVOLVING THE UPPER
EXTREMITY
William H. Pearce, MD
Chapter 89
Overview	1271
WiUiam H. Pearce, MD
Chapter 90
Evaluation of Upper Extremity Ischemia	1274
G. Matthew Longo, MD, William H. Pearce, MD, David S. Sumner, MD
Chapter 91
Brachiocephalic Vessel Reconstruction	1294
Mark D. Morasch, MD, Ramon Berguer. MD, PhD
Chapter 92
Upper Extremity RevascuIarization	1313
James M. Edwards, MD
Chapter 93
Raynaud's Syndrome: Vasospastic and Occlusive Arterial Disease Involving the	1319
Distal Upper Extremity
Roger F. J. Shepherd, MB
Chapter 94
Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome	1347
Robert W. Thompson, MD, Michel A. Bartoli, MD
Chapter 95
Arterial Complications of Thoracic Outlet Compression	1365
Jon S. Matsumura, MD
Chapter 96
Subclavian-Axillary Vein Thrombosis	1371
Richard M. Green, MD
Chapter 97
Upper Extremity Sympathectomy	1385
Samuel S. Ahn, MD, Kyung M. Ro, MD
Chapter 98
Occupational VascuIar Problems	1393
Mark S. Eskandari, MD, James S. T. Yao, MD, PhD
Section 15 - ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS
Jack L. Cronenwett, MD
Chapter 99
Overview	1403
Jack L Cronenwett, MD
Chapter 100
Abdominal Aortic and Diac Aneurysms	1408
Marc L Schermerhom, MD, Jack L Cronenwett, MD
Chapter 101
EndovascuIar Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms	1452
Jacob Buth, MD, Peter Barris, MD
Chapter 102
Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms	1476
Thomas F. Lindsay, MDCM, MSc
Chapter 103
Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms	1490
Hazim J. Saft, MD, Tam T. Huynh. MD, Anthony L. Estrera, MD, Charles C.Miller III,
PhD
Chapter 104
Aortic Dissecnon: Perspectives for the VascuIar/EndovascuIar Surgeon	1512
James H. Black III, MD, Richard P. Cambria. MD
Chapter 105
Lower Extremity Aneurysms	1534
J. Hajo Van Bockel, MD, Jaap F. Hamming, MD
Chapter 106
Upper Extremity Aneurysms	1551
G. Patrick Clagett, MD
Chapter 107
Splanchnic Artery Aneurysms	1565
Gilbert R. Upchurch, Jr., MD, Gerald B. Zelenock, MD, James C. Stanley, MD
Chapter 108
Infected Aneurysms	1581
Daniel1. Reddy, MD, Mitchell R. Weaver, MD
Section 16 - ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS, VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS,
AND VASCULAR TUMORS
Robert B. Rutherford, MD
Chapter 109
Overview	1597
Robert B. Rutherford, MD
Chapter 110
Diagnostic Evaluation of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Vascular Anomalies	1602
Robert B. Rutherford, MD
Chapter 111
Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Aorta and Its Major Branches	1613
M. Ashraf Mansour, MD William H. Baker, MD
Chapter 112
Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistulas	1619
John G. Brawley, MD, J. Gregory Modrall, MD
Chapter 113
Vascular Tumors and Malformations in Childhood	1626
John P. Connors IlI, MD, John B. Mulliken, MD
Chapter 114
Surgical Management of Vascular Malformations	1646
Thomas S. Riles, MD, Glenn R. Jacobowitz. MD
Chapter 115
Endovascular Treatment of Vascular Anomalies	1650
Patricia E. Burrows, MD
Chapter 116
Primary Tumors of Major Blood Vessels: Diagnosis and Management	1665
W. Andrew Oldenburg, MD
Section 17 - ARTERIOVENOUS HEMODIALYSIS ACCESS
Anton N. Sidawy, MD, MPH
Chapter 117
Strategies of Arteriovenous DiaIysis Access	1669
Jonothan M. Weiswasser, MD, AntonN. Sidawy, MD, MPH
Chapter 118
Venous Transpositions in the Creation of Arteriovenous Access	1677
W. Todd Bohannon, MD, Michael B. Silva, Jr., MD
Chapter 119
Management of Thrombosed DiaIysis Access	1684
Alan B. Lumsden, MD, Ruth L. Bush, MD, Peter H. Lin, MD, Eric K. Peden, MD
Chapter 120
Nonthrombotic Complications of Arteriovenous Access for Hemodialysis	1692
Eric D. Adams, MD, Anton N. Sidawy, MD, MPH
Section 18 - THE MANAGEMENT OF SPLANCHNIC VASCULAR LESIONS AND
DISORDERS
James M. Seeger, MD
Chapter 121
Physiology and Diagnosis of Splanchnic Arterial Occlusion	1707
Mark C. Hjrers, MD, Roben M. Zwolak, MD, PhD
Chapter 122
Treatment of Acute Intestinal Ischemia Caused by Arterial Occlusions	1718
Erin M. Moore, MD, Eric D. Endean, MD
Chapter 123
Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia	1728
Tina R. Desai. MD, Hisham S. Bassiouny, MD
Chapter 124
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia	1732
Thomas S. Huber, MD. PhD. W. Anthony Lee, MD, James M. Seeger, MD .
Chapter 125
Intestinal Ischemia Caused by Venous Thrombosis	1748
Mark D. Morasch, MD
Chapter 126
Portal Hypertension: Surgical Management of Its Complications	1752
Kaj Johansen, MD, PhD
Section 19 - THE MANAGEMENT OF RENOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Kimberley J. Hansen, MD
Chapter 127
Renovascular Disease: An Overview	1763
Kimberley J. Hansen, MD
Chapter 128
Renal Artery Imaging and Physiologic Testing	1773
Joshua W. Bernheim, MD, K. Craig Kent. MD
Chapter 129
Renal Artery Fibrodysplasia and Renovascular Hypertension	1789
Darren B. Schneider, MD, James C. Stanley, MD, Louis M. Messina, MD
Chapter 130
Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease and Ischemic Nephropathy	1805
Kimberley J. Hansen, MD, David B. Wilson, MD, Richard H. Dean, MD
Chapter 131
Endovascular Theatment of Renovascular Disease	1825
Michael J. Costanza, MD, Richard J. Strilka, MD. PhD, Matthew S. Edwards. MD,
Marshall E. Benjamin, MD
Chapter 132
Open Surgical Repair of Renovascular Disease	1846
Kimberley J. Hansen, MD, Juan Ayerdi, MD, Matthew S. Edwards, MD
Chapter 133
Renal Artery Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulae	1861
Keith D. Calligaro, MD, Matthew J. Dougkerty, MD
Chapter 134
Acute Renovascular Occlusive Events	1871
Tina R. Desai, MD, Navyash Gupta, MD. Bruce L Gewertz, MD
Section 20 - MANAGEMENT OF EXTRACRANIAL CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
William C. Krupski, MD
Chapter 135
Fundamental Considerations in Cerebrovascular Disease	1879
Wesley S. Moore, MD
Chapter 136
Diagnostic Evaluation and Medical Management of Patients with Ischemic
Cerebrovascular Disease	1897
Kerstin Bettermann. MD, PhD, James F. Toole, MD
Chapter 137
Anatomy and Angiographic Diagnosis of Extracranial and Intracranial VascuIar
Disease	1916
Larry-Stuart Deutsch. MD
Chapter 138
The Role of Noninvasive Studies in the Diagnosis and Management of
CerebrovascuIar Disease	1957
Michael A Ricci, MD, MaryAnne Waters, RN, RVT; Deborah Peate, RVT
Chapter 139
Indications, SurgicaI Technique, and ResuIts for Repair of ExtracraniaI Occlusive
Lesions	1974
William C. Krupski, MD, Wesley S. Moore, MD
Chapter 140
Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting	2006
Tunothy M. Sullivan, MD, Harry Clojt, MD. PhD
Chapter 141
VertebrobasOar Ischemia: Indications, Techniques, and ResuIts of SurgicaI Repair	2030
Mark D. Morasch, MD. Ramon Berguer, MD, PhD
Chapter 142
EndovascuIar and SurgicaI Management of ExtracraniaI Carotid FibromuscuIar
Arterial DyspIasia	2044
Peter A. Schneider, MD
Chapter 143
Aneurysms of the ExtracraniaI Carotid Artery	2052
Jerry Goldstone, MD
Chapter 144
Uncommon Disorders Affecting the Carotid Arteries	2064
William C. Krupski, MD
Chapter 145
Complications Following Carotid Endarterectomy and Perioperative Management	2093
Tímothy F. Kresowik, MD
Section 21 - THE MANAGEMENT OF VENOUS DISORDERS
Peter Gloviczki, MD
Chapter 146
Introduction and General Considerations	2111
Peter Gloviczki. MD
Chapter 147
Pathophysiology and Natural History of Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis	2124
Mark H. Meissner, MD, Eugene Strandness, Jr., MD
Chapter 148
Clinical and Diagnostic Evaluation of the Patient with Deep Venous Thrombosis	2143
Judith Cook, MD, Mark H. Meissner, MD
Chapter 149
Prevention and Medical Treatment of Acnte Deep Venous Thrombosis	2157
Graham F. Pineo, MD, Russell D. Hull, MBBS, MSc